| 1 |
Paul Bushkovitch, "The Formation of a National Consciousness
in Early Modern Russia," Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 10,
No. 3/4, 1986, pp. 355-376; David Saunders, The Ukrainian
Impact on Russian Culture, 1750-1850, Edmonton, 1986. At the
same time in his vision of Ukraine in Russian culture, for example,
Paul Bushkovitch was separated from the Ukrainian perspective, the
structure of its reaction and self-articulation. See: Grygorii
Grabowicz, Do istoriï ukraïns'koï
literatury, Kyïv, 1997, pp. 111-113. |
| 2 |
P. Bushkovitch, "The Ukraine in Russian Culture 1790-1860:
The Evidence of the Journals," Jahrbücher füv Geschichte
Osteuropas, Band 39, H. 3, 1991, S. 361. |
| 3 |
P. Bushkovitch, Ibid., S. 339-363; D. Saunders, op.
cit; G. Luckyj, Between Gogol' and Sevcenko. Polarity in the
Literary Ukraine 1798-1847, München, 1971. |
| 4 |
Andreas Kappeler, "The Ukrainians of the Russian Empire,
1860-1914," in: A. Kappeler (ed.), The Formation of National Elites
(Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-dominant Ethnic Groups in
Europe, 1850-1940, Vol. 6), Aldershot, New York, 1992, pp. 105-131;
Idem, Rußland als Vielvökerreich: Enstehung, Geschichte,
Zerfall, München, 1992, S. 208. |
| 5 |
See Karl Mannheim, "The Problem of Generation," in: Essays
on the Sociology of Knowledge, London, 1952, pp. 302-304 |
| 6 |
Ibid. |
| 7 |
C.A. Ruud, Fighting Words: Imperial Censorship and the
Russian Press, 1804-1906, Toronto, Buffalo, London, 1982, pp. 98 f,
117; S.R. Tompkins, The Russian Intelligentsia: Makers of the
Revolutionary State, Norman, 1957, p. 69; H. Rogger, Russia in
the Age of Modernization and Revolution 1881-1917, London, New
York, 1989, p. 57 f. |
| 8 |
About conservative nationalism in Russia see: A. Walicki, The
Slavophile Controversy: History of Conservative Utopia in
Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought, Oxford, 1975; Edward C. Thaden,
Conservative Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Russia,
Seattle, 1964; Idem, Interpreting History: Collective Essays on
Russia's Relations with Europe, New York, 1990.
|
| 9 |
The term Conservative Nationalism refers to the efforts of
certain nineteenth-century political and intellectual leaders in Russia
and Central Europe to use nationalism as a means of developing feelings
of emotional attachment to traditional values and institutions and of
promoting harmony and national unity between all social classes. See:
E. Thaden, Interpreting History, p. 203. |
| 10 |
See: D. Saunders, "Mikhail Katkov and Mykola Kostomarov: A
Note on Petr A. Valuev's anti-Ukrainian Edict of 1863," Harvard
Ukrainian Studies, Vol. XVII, No. 3-4, 1993, pp. 365-383. |
| 11 |
"Ukrainophils," a term this paper will use, is the Russian
word for the members of the Ukrainian National movement. |
| 12 |
Sovremennaia Letopis', No. XVIII, 1861, p. 124. |
| 13 |
See: D. Saunders, "Mikhail Katkov and Mykola Kostomarov: A
note on Petr A. Valuev's Anti-Ukrainian Edict of 1863," pp. 370-371. |
| 14 |
At the same time Katkov found the Poles' aspirations for
independence objectionable, and accepted, that Polish claims were
rational, because Poland had once been an independent state and Polish
was certainly a separate language. See: Ibid., p. 372. |
| 15 |
Osnova, No. XX, 1863, pp. 327-329. |
| 16 |
Mikhail Katkov, Sobranie peredovykh statei "Moscovskikh
vedomostei" 1865 god, M., 1897, p. 87. |
| 17 |
Ibid., p. 805. |
| 18 |
Osnova, 1863, No. XX, p. 340. |
| 19 |
Ibit. |
| 20 |
See: E. Thaden, Interpreting History, p. 206. |
| 21 |
Sovremennaia Letopis', No. XVII, 1861, pp. 124-125. |
| 22 |
Ivan Aksakov, "Nashi nravstvennye otnosheniia k Pol'she," Den',
November 18, 1861. |
| 23 |
I. Aksakov, "Pol'skii vopros i zapadno-russkoe delo," in: I.
Aksakov, Sochineniia, Vol. III, M., 1886, p. 15. |
| 24 |
Ibid., p. 16. |
| 25 |
I. Aksakov, Moskva, "18-go noiabria 1861 g.," in: Sochineniia,
Vol. III, p. 7. |
| 26 |
The Letter of I. Aksakov to Countess Bludova, in: N.P.
Barsukov, Zhizn' i trudy M.P. Pogodina, SPb., 1905, p. 121. |
| 27 |
Sovremennaia Letopis', No. XVII, 1861, pp. 141. |
| 28 |
Den', No. XVIII, 1861, p. 133. |
| 29 |
Ibid., p. 142. |
| 30 |
I. Aksakov, "Pol'skii vopros i zapadno-russkoe delo," pp.
132-133. |
| 31 |
E. Thaden, Interpreting History, p. 207. |
| 32 |
Idem, Conservative Nationalism, p. 137. |
| 33 |
See: Iurii Samarin, "Sovremennyi ob'''em Pol'skogo voprosa,"
in: Iu. Samarin, Sochineniia, Vol. 1, M., 1877, pp. 319-343. |
| 34 |
Ibid., p. 331. |
| 35 |
Ibid. |
| 36 |
Iu. Samarin, "Okrainy Rossii," Vol. I, in: Sochineniia,
Vol. VIII, M., 1890, p. 146. |
| 37 |
Iu. Samarin, "Sovremennyi ob'em Pol'skogo voprosa," p. 332. |
| 38 |
Ibid., p. 333. |
| 39 |
B. Baron, E. Nol'de, Iurii Samarin i ego vremia,
Paris, 1978, p. 210. |
| 40 |
Den', No. XXII, 1863, p. 134. |
| 41 |
Iu. Samarin, "Moskva, March 18, 1867," in: Sochineniia,
Vol. IX, M., 1898, p. 469. |
| 42 |
Liberalism, which generally is the aspiration for a lawful
state, in which the state establishes and protects the personal freedom
and property relations, in Russia, like in other "undeveloped"
countries, is the aspiration for greater social justice, lesser
expenses and preservation of the right to private property, as well as
issuing laws which are common and usual for Western liberalism. About
liberalism in Russia see: Sumner Benson, "The Conservative Liberalism
of Boris Chicherin," Forschungen Öteuropäische Geschichte,
No. 21, 1975, S. 17-114; Friedrich Diestelmeier, Soziale Angst:
Konservative Reaktionen auf liberale Reformpolitik in Rußland
unter Alex II (1855-1866), Frankfurt a. M., 1985; M. Raeff, "Some
Reflections on Russian Liberalism," The Russian Review, Vol.
18, July 1959, pp. 218-230; Leonard Schapiro, Rationalism and
Nationalism in Russian Nineteenth-Century Political Thought, New
Haven, 1967; Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917,
Oxford, 1967; Hans Joachim Torke (ed.), Die russischen Zaren,
1547-1917, München, 1995. |
| 43 |
Boris Chicherin, O narodnom predstavitel'stve, M.,
1866, pp. 187f, 192, 396, 400fff. |
| 44 |
B. Chicherin, Neskol'ko sovremennykh voprosov, M.,
1862, p. 33. |
| 45 |
See: K. Kavelin, Vzgliad na iuridicheskii byt drevnei
Rossii, M., 1847; Idem, Mysli i zametki o russkoi istorii,
SPb., 1866. |
| 46 |
K. Kavelin, Sobranie sochinenii, Vol. I, SPb., 1897.
p. 599. |
| 47 |
A.N. Pypin, Moi zametki, M., 1910, pp. 44-45. |
| 48 |
A.N. Pypin, "Malorusskaia etnografiia poslednykh dvadtsati
piati let," Vestnik Evropy, No. 1, 1886, p. 337. |
| 49 |
A.N. Pypin, "Obzor malorusskoi etnografii," Vestnik
Evropy, No. 10, 1885, p. 799. |
| 50 |
A.N. Pypin, "Volga i Kiev," Vestnik Evropy, No. 7,
1885, p. 213. |
| 51 |
Ibid., p. 206. |
| 52 |
Ibid. |
| 53 |
Ibid., p. 210. |
| 54 |
Ibid., p. 211. |
| 55 |
A.N. Pypin, Istoriia russkoi etnografii, Vol. IV,
SPb., 1912, p. 12. |
| 56 |
A.N. Pypin,"Obzor," Vestnik Evropy, No. 12, 1885, p.
805. |
| 57 |
A.N. Pypin, "Malorusskaia etnografiia," Vestnik Evropy,
No. 1, 1886, p. 316. |
| 58 |
Ibid., p. 334. |
| 59 |
Ibid., p. 336. |
| 60 |
A.N. Pypin, "Volga i Kiev," p. 204. |
| 61 |
A.N. Pypin, "Malorusskaia etnografiia," p. 344. |
| 62 |
A.N. Pypin, "Volga i Kiev," p. 203. |
| 63 |
A.N. Pypin, "Malorusskaia etnografiia," p. 334. |
| 64 |
A.N. Pypin, "Volga i Kiev," p. 215. |
| 65 |
A.N. Pypin, "Malorusskaia etnografiia," p. 334. |
| 66 |
Pavel Miliukov, Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul'tury,
Vol. I, SPb., 1896, p. 17. |
| 67 |
P. Miliukov, Lektsii po "Vvedeniiu v kurs russkoi istorii,"
Pt. I, M., 1894-1895, p. 17. |
| 68 |
For example, during the zemstvist-Polish conference of
April, 1905, particularly in respect to the question of autonomy for
the Kingdom of Poland, Miliukov marked, that in those regions, where
the Poles comprise one of the nationalities, namely, in Lithuania and
Ukraine, it is "necessary to postpone a more detailed definition of the
boundaries and content of Polish autonomy until a thorough
investigation of the question." See: Russkie vedomosti, No. 98,
April 11, 1905, p. 3. |
| 69 |
Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Chetvertyi sozyv,
Stenographicheskie otchety, 1914, Sesiia II, Part 2, SPb., 1914, p.
915. |
| 70 |
C. Jay Smith, Jr., "Miliukov and the Russian National
Question," Harvard Slavic Studies, Vol. IV, Cambridge, Mass,
1957, p. 405. |
| 71 |
Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Chetvertyi sozyv, Stenographicheskie
otchety, 1914, Sesiia II, Part 2, pp. 915-916. |
| 72 |
P. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, 1859-1917, Vol. II, New
York 1955, pp. 167-168. |
| 73 |
Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Chetvertyi sozyv,
Stenographicheskie otchety, 1914, Sesiia II, Part 2, pp. 915-916. |
| 74 |
Ibid., p. 915. |
| 75 |
Some observations of the attitude of the Kadet's party
toward the Ukrainian question can be found in: S. Breiar, "Ukraina,
Rossiia i kadety," in: In memorial: Istoricheskii sbornik,
M.-SPb., 1995; Idem, "Partiia kadetov i ukrainskii vopros (1905-1917),"
in: Issledovaniia po istorii Ukrainy i Belorussii, Vyp. 1, M.,
1995; Irina Michutina, "Ukrainskii vopros i russkie politicheskie
partii nakanune pervoi mirovoi voiny," in: A.I. Miller, V.F.
Reprintsev, B.N. Floria (eds.), Rossiia-Ukraina: istoriia
vzaimootnoshenii, M., 1997, pp. 197-208. |
| 76 |
Rech', May 10, 1917, p. 2. |
| 77 |
P. Miliukov, "Dnevnik," October 13, 1918, p. 220, in:
Columbia University Russian Archives. |
| 78 |
Ibid., November 18, 1918, pp. 295-299. |
| 79 |
Richard Pipes, "Peter Struve and Ukrainian Nationalism,"
Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. III-IV, Part II, 1979-1980, p. 675.
|
| 80 |
Petr Struve, "K programme Soiuza Osvobozhdeniia," Osvobozhdenie,
No. 69 / 70, May 7 / 20, 1905, p. 307. |
| 81 |
Ibid. |
| 82 |
Quoted in R. Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right,
1905-1944, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980, pp. 211-212. |
| 83 |
P. Struve, "Chto takoe Rossiia?," Russkaia mysl',
No. XXXII, January 1911, p. 185. |
| 84 |
Ibid., p. 187. |
| 85 |
P. Struve "Obshcherusskaia kul'tura i ukrainskii
partikuliarizm: otvet ukrainstvu," Russkaia mysl', No. XXXIII,
January 1912, p. 65. |
| 86 |
Ibid., p. 86. |
| 87 |
P. Struve, "Velikaia Rosiia i Sviataia Rus'," Russkaia
mysl', No. XII, 1914, p. 178. |
| 88 |
Vladimir Vernadskii, Dnevniki 1917-1921, October
1917 - January 1920, Kiev, 1994, p. 158. |
| 89 |
Ibid., pp. 71, 103. |
| 90 |
Ibid., pp. 105, 159. |
| 91 |
About Hrushevs'kyi's views on the subject see: V.
Potul'nyts'kyi, "M. Hrushevs'kyi iak sotsiolog," Visnyk
Kyïvs'koho Universytetu, Istorychni i filologichni nauky, No.
1, 1991, pp. 1-19; Idem, "Naukova diial'nist' M. Hrushevs'koho v
emigratsiï (1919-1924)," Ukraïns'kyi istorychnyi
zhurnal, No. 2, 1992, pp. 48-58; Idem, Narysy z
ukraïns'koï politologiï (1819-1991),
Kyïv, 1994, pp. 82-101, 116-130; Idem, "Das ukrainische
historische Denken im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: Konzeptionen und
Periodisierung," Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas,
Band 45, H. 1, 1997, S. 2-30. |
| 92 |
V. Vernadskii, "O M.S. Hrushevskom: Iz dnevnika Vernadskogo
1934 goda," Istoricheskii arkhiv, No. 4, 1997, p. 202. |
| 93 |
Ibid. |
| 94 |
About the Russian Right Parties in 1905-1917 see: R.
Edelman, "The Russian Nationalist Party and the Political Crisis of
1909," Russian Review, Vol. 34, 1975, pp. 22-54; Caspar
Ferenczi, "Nationalismus und Neoslawismus in Rußland vor dem
ersten Weltkrieg," Forschungen zur Osteuropäischen Geschichte,
No. 34, 1984, S. 7-127; H. Jablonowski, "Die russischen Rechtsparteien
1905-1917," in: Rußland-Studien: Gedenkschrift für Otto
Hoetzsch, Stuttgart, 1957, S. 43-55; H-D. Löwe, "Nationalismus
und Nationalitätenpolitic als Integrationsstrategie im
zaristischen Rußland," A. Kappeler (ed.), Die Russen: Ihr
Nationbewußtsein in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Köln,
1990, S. 55-79; H. Rogger, "Russia," in: H. Rogger and E. Weber (eds.),
The European Right: A Historical Profile, Berkeley 1965,
pp. 443-500; Idem, "The Formation of the Russian Right, 1900-1906," California
Slavic Studies, No. III, 1964, pp. 66-94; Idem, "Was there a
Russian Fascism? The Union of Russian People," The Journal of
Modern History, No. XXXVI, 1964, pp. 398-415.
|
| 95 |
Russkoe Znamia, January 28, 1906, pp. 1-2. |
| 96 |
Ibid. |
| 97 |
Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Chetvertyi sozyv,
Stenographicheskie otchety, 1914, Sesiia II, Part 2, p. 729. |
| 98 |
"Zapiska Durnovo," Krasnaia Nov', Vol. VI, M., 1922,
pp. 182-189. See transl. in: Frank Golder (ed.), Documents of
Russian History: 1914-1917, New York-London, 1927, pp. 10-16. |
| 99 |
Documents of Russian History, p. 12. |
| 100 |
See more widely: A. Storozhenko, Proiskhozhdenie i
sushchnost' Ukrainofil'stva, Kiev, 1912; R. Edelman, Gentry
Politics on the Eve of the Russian Revolution: The Nationalist Party,
1907-1977, New Brunswick, 1980. |
| 101 |
Vasilii Shul'gin, The Years: Memoirs of a Member of the
Russian Duma, 1906-1917, New York, 1984, p. 21. |
| 102 |
Ibid., p. 173. |
| 103 |
Vasilii Shul'gin, Dni, L., 1926, pp. 151, 156. |
| 104 |
A. Savenko, "Zametki," Kievlianin, March 13, 1910. |
| 105 |
O edinstve russkogo naroda, SPb., 1907, p. 38. |
| 106 |
V. Shul'gin, A. Savenko, "Is it possible to recognize the
Ukrainian State? (Motives for rejecting Ukrainian citizenship by V.V.
Shul'gin and A.I. Savenko)," in: Statni ustredni archiv v Praze,
Ukrajinsky museum, 13, 349, 1, pp. 14-17. |
| 107 |
Letter by Shul'gin to an unknown addressee to Omsk, February
15, 1919, Wrangel Military Archives, Hoover Institution Archives, File
132. Quoted in: Anna Procyk, "Nationality Policy of the White Movement:
Relations Between the Volunteer Army and the Ukraine," Ph.D.
Dissertation, Columbia University, 1973, p. 110. |
| 108 |
Ibid. |
| 109 |
He ridiculed the leaders of the Ukrainian revolution and
published books and articles grossly anti-cemitic and Ukrainofobic in
character. See: V. Shul'gin, Ukrainstvuishche i my, Belgrade,
1935; Idem, Chto nam v nikh ne nravitsia, Paris, 1929; Idem, Le
plus grand mensonge du XXe siecle: L' Ukraine, Paris, 1939. |
| 110 |
See more widely: Wolodymyr Stoiko, "The Attitude of the
Russian Provisional Government Towards the Non-Russian Peoples of the
Empire," Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1969; A. Procyk, op.
cit.; Ia. Zamoiskii, "Otnoshenie 'beloi' russkoi emigratsii k
ukrainskim voprosam," Slavianovedenie, No. 4, 1993, pp. 39-49;
Ia. A. Slashchov-Krymskii, Belyi Krym 1920: Memuary i dokumenty,
M., 1990, pp. 185-205. |
| 111 |
A definition of evraziistvo as a world of ideas
which were formed in the Russian emigration of the twentieth into a
system known under the name of evraziistvo was made by prince
Nikolai Trubetskoi (1890-1938). "A national substrate of that country
which earlier was called the Russian Empire and now is called the USSR
Ñ he wrote in 1927, Ñ should necessarily include all the
totality of the peoples inhabiting this country which is regarded as a
specific multinational nation and, as such, possessing a specific kind
of nationalism. We call this nation Eurasian, its territory
— Evrazia, its nationalism — evraziistvo. See:
Evraziiskaia khronika, No. 7, Paris, 1927, p. 64. |
| 112 |
The Eurasians' main ideas were: 1. A selfhood of the
Eurasian culture, the foundation of which is the Great Russian culture;
2. The domination of ideology, the foundation of which is Orthodoxy and
domination of culture which expresses the nationwide interests; 3.
Russian destiny is defined by its geostrategic location and
self-ascribed role of a bridge between Europe and Asia. About evraziistvo
see: M. Raeff, Russia Abroad: A Cultural History of the Russian
Emigration. 1919-1939, New York-Oxford, 1990; Rossiia mezhdu
Evropoi i Aziei: evraziiskii soblazn, M., 1993; L.N. Gumilev, Ritmy
Evrazii, M., 1993; L.E. Gorizontov, "Evraziistvo. 1921-1931:
vzgliad iznutri," Slavianovedenie, No. 4, 1992, pp. 86-105;
V.T. Pashuto, Russkie istoriki emigranty v Evrope, M., 1992;
V.A. D'iakov, "O nauchnom soderzhanii i politicheskikh
interpretatsiiakh istoriosofii evraziistva," Slavianovedenie,
No. 5, 1993, pp. 101-116. |
| 113 |
Georgii Vernadskii, Nachertanie russkoi istorii,
Part 1, Praha, 1927. |
| 114 |
Ibid., p. 34. |
| 115 |
Vernadskii's coined term, mestorazvitie,was
subsequently accepted even by his strong opponent, Miliukov. See: P.
Miliukov, Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul'tury, rev. ed., Vol.
I, Part I, Paris, 1937, pp. 35-36. |
| 116 |
G. Vernadskii, A History of Russia, Vol. III, The
Mongols and Russia, New Haven, 1959, pp. 335-336. |
| 117 |
Ibid., pp. 337-338. |
| 118 |
G. Vernadskii, Nachertanie russkoi istorii, pp.
229-230. |
| 119 |
Ibid. |
| 120 |
G. Vernadskii, Opyt istorii Evrazii s poloviny VI veka
do nastoiashchego vremeni, Berlin, 1934, pp. 7-8. |
| 121 |
"The Ukrainian Problem," in: N. Trubetskoi, The Legacy
of Genghis Khan and Other Essays on Russia's Identity, Ann Arbor,
Michigan Slavic Publications, 1991, pp. 251, 255-256. |
| 122 |
Ibid., pp. 263, 258. |
| 123 |
"The Ukrainian Problem," p. 257. |
| 124 |
Drahomanov framed this particular vision in terms of a
tripartite concept which mapped out a "Ukrainian," "Russian" and common
East Slavic (in other words, "all-Russian") component in the Imperial
culture. See: V. Potul'nyts'kyi, Narysy z
ukraïnskoï politologii (1819-1991), Kyïv,
1994, pp. 17-25; Idem, "The Image of Russia and the Russians in
Ukrainian Political Thought (1860-1945)," in: K. Inoue, T. Uyama
(eds.), Quest for Models of Coexistence: National and Ethnic
Dimensions of Changes in the Slavic Eurasian World, Sapporo, Slavic
Research Center, 1998, pp. 163-195. |
| 125 |
N. Trubetskoi, The Common Slavic Element in Russian
Culture, New York, 1949, pp. 21-22. |
| 126 |
Ibid., pp. 25, 24. |
| 127 |
Ibid., p. 23. |
| 128 |
N. Trubetskoi, "Otvet D.I. Doroshenku," Evraziiskaia
khronika, No. X, Paris, 1928, p. 59. |
| 129 |
The Eurasian school has been subjected to severe criticism
by Pavel Miliukov (See, particularly, his essay: "Eurasianism and
Europeanism in Russian History," Festschrift Th. G. Masaryk zum 80.
Geburstag, Vol. I, Bonn, 1930, pp. 225-236) and Petr Struve (See:
"Rossiia," in: P. Struve, Patriotika: Politika, kul'tura, religiia,
sotsializm, M., 1997, pp. 408-420). Another severe critic of the
Eurasians' ideas was Vasilii Shul'gin. See his article: "Zlost'," Vozrozhdenie,
December 16, 1926. |
| 130 |
Petr Bitsilli, "Natsiia i iazyk," Sovremennye zapiski,
No. 40, Paris, 1929, p. 409 |
| 131 |
Ibid., pp. 419-420. |
| 132 |
Ibid., p. 416. |
| 133 |
Ibid., pp. 420-421. |
| 134 |
P. Bitsilli, "Problema russko-ukrainskikh otnoshenii v svete
istorii," in: P. Bitsilli, V. Iartseva (eds.), Izbrannye trudy po
fililogii, M., 1996, pp. 114, 134. |
| 135 |
Here under the nation Bicilli understand the Russians and
under the narod — Ukrainians. See: P. Bicilli, "Natsiia i narod," Sovremennye
zapiski, No. 37, Paris, 1928, pp. 351, 352. |
| 136 |
P. Bicilli, "Problema russko-ukrainskikh otnoshenii v svete
istorii," p. 132. |
| 137 |
Georgii Fedotov, "Tri stolitsy," Novyi Mir, No. 4,
1989, p. 215. |
| 138 |
G. Fedotov, "Novyi idol," Sovremennye zapiski, No.
57, Paris, 1935, p. 400. |