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ACTA SLAVICA IAPONICA

Volume 16 (1998)

The Regional Problem and the Break-Up of the State:
The Case of Yugoslavia *
Časlav Ocić

The Nature and the Scope of the Regional Problem	Regional Policies and Changes in the Institutional Framework	Regional Development Levels: Grouping of Regions	Structural Change: Shift-Share Analysis	Efficiency: Shift-Share Analysis
Interregional Relations: Autarky	Some Other Results of the Regions' Development	Regional Development Costs: Ratios of Investment	Interregional Income (Re)distribution	(D)evolution
Regional Convergence or Divergence?	Equality: The Failure of the Positive Discrimination Model	"The National Question" and Nationalism	Separatism: Economic and Political	Federalism
A Long Journey from Utopia to Dystopia	Selected Bibliography	Data Sources & Documents	Notes	Appendix (1) (2)

Appendix*

Table 5
YUGOSLAVIA, REPUBLICS AND PROVINCES: FEW MORE POPULATION INDICATORS

Live Birth per 1000 Inhabitats Deaths per 1000 Inhabitants Natural Increase per 1000 Inhabitants Labour Force in total Population Urban in Total Population Active in Total Population Agricultural in Total Population Active Agricultural in Total Population Illiterate in total Population

1988 1988 1988 1988 1953 1981 1948 1981 1948 1981 1981 1981

JUG 15.1 8.7 6.2 65 21.7 46.5 49.1 44 67.2 19.9 26.6 9.5

BIH 15.3 6.4 9 67 15 36.2 42.9 38.7 71.8 17.3 22.9 14.5

CGO 15.8 5.8 9.9 64.4 14.2 50.7 36.9 34.3 71.6 13.5 15 9.4

HRV 12.8 10.1 1.5 65.2 24.3 50.8 51.6 45.6 62.4 15.2 20.9 5.6

MAK 18.5 7.2 11.4 65 26.1 53.9 43.4 41.8 70.6 21.7 28.8 10.9

SLO 14.2 10.2 3.9 64.8 22 48.9 52.9 50.3 44.1 9.4 12.8 0.8

SRB 15.6 9.1 6.2 64.4 22.5 46.6 50.9 45.4 72.3 25.4 34 10.9

CES 12.6 8.9 2.6 66.5 21.2 47.8 54.2 51.8 72.4 27.6 38.1 11.1

KIM 29.1 7.1 24 56.1 14.6 32.5 35.3 23.8 80.9 24.6 23.5 17.6

VOJ 11.5 10.8 0.2 65.8 29.5 54.1 49.4 44.3 68.1 19.9 24.7 5.8

Table 6
YUGOSLAVIA, REPUBLICS AND PROVINCES:
EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, WAGES AND RURAL HOUSHOLDS' INCOME

Employment per Ownership Sector (in %) Employment in Social Sector (in %) Female Employment, Social Sector Unemployment Unemployment Rate Persons at work Abroad Net Wages per Worker Available Income per Rural Household Average Size of Rural Household (Persons) Available Income per Member of Rural Household

Social Private Economic Activities Administratin & Social Services in % in Thousands in % in % in Thousands in %

1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1987 1988 1983 1983 1983

JUG 97.5 2.5 83.2 16.8 39.3 1132.0 100.0 16.8 440.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.2 100.0

BIH 97.9 2.1 85.6 14.4 35.9 257.0 22.7 24.2 123.0 28.0 84.0 67.1 4.5 62.7

CGO 98.2 1.8 81.3 18.7 38.0 43.0 3.8 26.4 61.0 1.4 73.0 64.7 4.0 68.0

HRV 97.0 3.0 83.5 16.5 42.2 135.0 11.9 8.6 138.0 31.4 109.0 92.1 3.6 107.6

MAK 97.0 3.0 83.2 16.8 36.5 140.0 12.4 27.2 33.0 7.5 68.0 98.3 5.0 82.6

SLO 96.4 3.6 84.1 15.9 46.3 21.0 1.9 2.5 23.0 5.2 152.0 102.3 3.7 116.1

SRB 98.1 1.9 81.8 18.2 37.4 535.0 47.3 20.8 117.0 26.2 90.0 122.7 4.4 117.2

CES 98.6 1.4 81.9 18.1 38.5 312.0 27.6 18.2 56.0 12.7 91.0 87.4 4.0 91.6

KIM 97.5 2.5 75.2 24.8 23.3 134.0 11.8 57.8 35.0 8.0 66.0 118.2 8.3 59.8

VOJ 97.2 2.8 84.0 16.0 39.7 90.0 8.0 14.4 25.0 5.7 96.0 205.4 3.6 239.7

Table 7
YUGOSLAVIA, REPUBLICS AND PROVINCES:
SOME ECONOMIC STRUCTURAL INDICATORS

GNP Ownership Structure, 1972 prices Share of Industry and Agriculture in GNP Share of Industry in Fixed Assets of the Social Sector of the Economy Share of Industry in the Employment of the Economy Share of Exports in GNP Share of Investment Goods in Imports

Social Sector Private Sector Industry Agriculture

1952 1988 1952 1988 1947 1987 1947 1987 1952 1987 1952 1988 1971 1987 1971 1986

JUG 69.5 86.9 30.5 13.1 18.2 44.1 39.2 13.9 46.5 56.2 40.5 48.9 13.3 17.9 64 75

BIH 73.3 84.3 26.7 15.7 12.9 50.2 35.5 12.6 42.8 65.6 36.8 51.9 11.3 19.7 68 82

CGO 73.9 89.2 26.1 10.8 4.9 36.5 47.7 12.8 55.1 51.4 22.3 38.6 7.9 17.5 51 66

HRV 70.5 88.1 29.5 11.9 21.9 38.4 36.4 12.7 46.3 48.2 40.6 43.3 13.7 14.2 63 76

MAK 72.5 86.4 27.5 13.6 14.7 51.5 57.6 16.6 33.7 56.5 28.2 49.5 12.1 17.7 60 82

SLO 75.0 90.9 25.0 9.1 28.1 47.0 22.5 7.5 52.8 59.8 52.8 54.5 15.4 22.3 66 72

SRB 64.0 85.2 36.0 14.8 25.4 43.8 45.7 17.8 46.3 56.7 39.3 49.6 13.2 17.6 63 73

CES 63.5 85.9 36.5 14.1 13.9 44.6 41.5 14.1 46.3 58.3 39.9 50.7 15.4 20.3 64 69

KIM 59.2 79.1 40.8 20.9 16.1 45.2 57.2 12.7 52.6 63.3 44.8 49.1 7.1 11.4 33 72

VOJ 66.8 85.4 33.2 14.6 19.0 41.5 53.6 25.4 45.0 50.5 36.9 46.6 9.6 13.1 61 81

Table 8
YUGOSLAVIA, REPUBLICS AND PROVINCES:
FEW MORE IMPOTANT ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Investment Ratio Capital/Labour Ratio Labour Productivivy Investibility Rate Depreciation Rate (100-Rate) Output/Capital Ratio Capacities Use, in %

1972-82 1986 1952 1986 1952 1986 1975 1988 1961 1986 1952 1986 1980 1987

JUG 32.2 23.7 100 100 100.0 100.0 5.29 1.20 63 51 0.43 0.34 80 76

BIH 38.7 29.5 82 95 94.7 79.1 4.29 3.10 67 56 0.51 0.28 81 77

CGO 55.0 28.9 46 132 137.5 89.3 3.87 0.00 75 64 1.15 0.23 72 76

HRV 27.3 22.2 101 110 98.1 106.6 5.94 1.40 60 48 0.42 0.33 78 70

MAK 33.7 17.8 69 74 105.1 74.5 3.20 0.20 71 56 0.56 0.34 76 81

SLO 25.8 20.9 122 132 104.6 137.4 7.02 15.00 55 46 0.35 0.35 84 82

SRB 29.9 24.6 106 89 99.5 98.0 ... 0.90 65 52 0.41 0.37 81 77

CES 28.1 23.6 112 84 106.2 98.4 4.16 2.90 65 52 0.41 0.40 81 77

KIM 59.4 46.0 89 95 89.2 66.3 1.44 0.00 67 62 0.44 0.28 79 76

VOJ 28.7 23.0 95 100 86.3 109.3 8.19 1.50 66 48 0.40 0.35 83 75

Table 9
YUGOSLAVIA, REPUBLICS AND PROVINCES:
SOME ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Physicians per 1000 Inhabitants Dwellings with (in %) Households with (in %) University Students per 1000 Inhabitants Social Services Outlays per Inhabitant

Electricity Water TV set Car

1952 1988 1971 1988 1971 1988 1961 1981 1961 1981 1947/48 1988/89 1966 1987

JUG 3.9 22.3 88.0 96.3 34.0 71.8 1.3 62.0 1.6 41.4 3.1 14.4 100 100

BIH 3.0 17.6 74.7 94.1 24.1 65.6 0.4 53.3 0.7 32.4 0.4 9.3 68 57

CGO 2.2 18.3 78.7 94.5 31.0 67.3 0.0 47.6 0.9 33.6 0.5 10.5 83 79

HRV 5.1 25.3 91.2 96.1 39.1 74.2 1.5 67.2 1.6 44.5 3.8 14.6 111 129

MAK 2.3 23.1 92.5 96.2 34.2 71.5 0.4 61.1 0.7 39.8 0.9 15.3 75 58

SLO 5.9 25.6 96.7 98.8 69.0 92.9 2.2 74.6 5.2 72.3 3.4 16.0 180 264

SRB 4.5 23.6 89.1 96.9 27.4 68.6 1.5 60.6 1.3 36.9 4.2 16.7 98 83

CES 4.8 27.8 89.6 96.9 29.9 68.1 1.5 59.3 1.4 39.6 6.6 17.1 108 96

KIM 1.2 10.8 74.3 95.4 15.2 44.4 0.0 37.1 0.6 24.4 0.0 19.0 49 29

VOJ 3.8 23.5 92.4 97.3 25.3 79.1 1.8 72.0 1.2 34.5 0.3 13.2 97 95

	Live Birth per 1000 Inhabitats	Deaths per 1000 Inhabitants	Natural Increase per 1000 Inhabitants	Labour Force in total Population	Urban in Total Population		Active in Total Population		Agricultural in Total Population		Active Agricultural in Total Population	Illiterate in total Population
	1988	1988	1988	1988	1953	1981	1948	1981	1948	1981	1981	1981
JUG	15.1	8.7	6.2	65	21.7	46.5	49.1	44	67.2	19.9	26.6	9.5
BIH	15.3	6.4	9	67	15	36.2	42.9	38.7	71.8	17.3	22.9	14.5
CGO	15.8	5.8	9.9	64.4	14.2	50.7	36.9	34.3	71.6	13.5	15	9.4
HRV	12.8	10.1	1.5	65.2	24.3	50.8	51.6	45.6	62.4	15.2	20.9	5.6
MAK	18.5	7.2	11.4	65	26.1	53.9	43.4	41.8	70.6	21.7	28.8	10.9
SLO	14.2	10.2	3.9	64.8	22	48.9	52.9	50.3	44.1	9.4	12.8	0.8
SRB	15.6	9.1	6.2	64.4	22.5	46.6	50.9	45.4	72.3	25.4	34	10.9
CES	12.6	8.9	2.6	66.5	21.2	47.8	54.2	51.8	72.4	27.6	38.1	11.1
KIM	29.1	7.1	24	56.1	14.6	32.5	35.3	23.8	80.9	24.6	23.5	17.6
VOJ	11.5	10.8	0.2	65.8	29.5	54.1	49.4	44.3	68.1	19.9	24.7	5.8

	Employment per Ownership Sector (in %)		Employment in Social Sector (in %)		Female Employment, Social Sector	Unemployment		Unemployment Rate	Persons at work Abroad		Net Wages per Worker	Available Income per Rural Household	Average Size of Rural Household (Persons)	Available Income per Member of Rural Household
	Social	Private	Economic Activities	Administratin & Social Services	in %	in Thousands	in %	in %	in Thousands	in %
1988	1988		1988	1988		1988	1987		1988	1983	1983	1983
JUG	97.5	2.5	83.2	16.8	39.3	1132.0	100.0	16.8	440.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	4.2	100.0
BIH	97.9	2.1	85.6	14.4	35.9	257.0	22.7	24.2	123.0	28.0	84.0	67.1	4.5	62.7
CGO	98.2	1.8	81.3	18.7	38.0	43.0	3.8	26.4	61.0	1.4	73.0	64.7	4.0	68.0
HRV	97.0	3.0	83.5	16.5	42.2	135.0	11.9	8.6	138.0	31.4	109.0	92.1	3.6	107.6
MAK	97.0	3.0	83.2	16.8	36.5	140.0	12.4	27.2	33.0	7.5	68.0	98.3	5.0	82.6
SLO	96.4	3.6	84.1	15.9	46.3	21.0	1.9	2.5	23.0	5.2	152.0	102.3	3.7	116.1
SRB	98.1	1.9	81.8	18.2	37.4	535.0	47.3	20.8	117.0	26.2	90.0	122.7	4.4	117.2
CES	98.6	1.4	81.9	18.1	38.5	312.0	27.6	18.2	56.0	12.7	91.0	87.4	4.0	91.6
KIM	97.5	2.5	75.2	24.8	23.3	134.0	11.8	57.8	35.0	8.0	66.0	118.2	8.3	59.8
VOJ	97.2	2.8	84.0	16.0	39.7	90.0	8.0	14.4	25.0	5.7	96.0	205.4	3.6	239.7

	GNP Ownership Structure, 1972 prices				Share of Industry and Agriculture in GNP				Share of Industry in Fixed Assets of the Social Sector of the Economy		Share of Industry in the Employment of the Economy		Share of Exports in GNP		Share of Investment Goods in Imports
	Social Sector		Private Sector		Industry		Agriculture
	1952	1988	1952	1988	1947	1987	1947	1987	1952	1987	1952	1988	1971	1987	1971	1986
JUG	69.5	86.9	30.5	13.1	18.2	44.1	39.2	13.9	46.5	56.2	40.5	48.9	13.3	17.9	64	75
BIH	73.3	84.3	26.7	15.7	12.9	50.2	35.5	12.6	42.8	65.6	36.8	51.9	11.3	19.7	68	82
CGO	73.9	89.2	26.1	10.8	4.9	36.5	47.7	12.8	55.1	51.4	22.3	38.6	7.9	17.5	51	66
HRV	70.5	88.1	29.5	11.9	21.9	38.4	36.4	12.7	46.3	48.2	40.6	43.3	13.7	14.2	63	76
MAK	72.5	86.4	27.5	13.6	14.7	51.5	57.6	16.6	33.7	56.5	28.2	49.5	12.1	17.7	60	82
SLO	75.0	90.9	25.0	9.1	28.1	47.0	22.5	7.5	52.8	59.8	52.8	54.5	15.4	22.3	66	72
SRB	64.0	85.2	36.0	14.8	25.4	43.8	45.7	17.8	46.3	56.7	39.3	49.6	13.2	17.6	63	73
CES	63.5	85.9	36.5	14.1	13.9	44.6	41.5	14.1	46.3	58.3	39.9	50.7	15.4	20.3	64	69
KIM	59.2	79.1	40.8	20.9	16.1	45.2	57.2	12.7	52.6	63.3	44.8	49.1	7.1	11.4	33	72
VOJ	66.8	85.4	33.2	14.6	19.0	41.5	53.6	25.4	45.0	50.5	36.9	46.6	9.6	13.1	61	81

	Investment Ratio		Capital/Labour Ratio		Labour Productivivy		Investibility Rate		Depreciation Rate (100-Rate)		Output/Capital Ratio		Capacities Use, in %
	1972-82	1986	1952	1986	1952	1986	1975	1988	1961	1986	1952	1986	1980	1987
JUG	32.2	23.7	100	100	100.0	100.0	5.29	1.20	63	51	0.43	0.34	80	76
BIH	38.7	29.5	82	95	94.7	79.1	4.29	3.10	67	56	0.51	0.28	81	77
CGO	55.0	28.9	46	132	137.5	89.3	3.87	0.00	75	64	1.15	0.23	72	76
HRV	27.3	22.2	101	110	98.1	106.6	5.94	1.40	60	48	0.42	0.33	78	70
MAK	33.7	17.8	69	74	105.1	74.5	3.20	0.20	71	56	0.56	0.34	76	81
SLO	25.8	20.9	122	132	104.6	137.4	7.02	15.00	55	46	0.35	0.35	84	82
SRB	29.9	24.6	106	89	99.5	98.0	...	0.90	65	52	0.41	0.37	81	77
CES	28.1	23.6	112	84	106.2	98.4	4.16	2.90	65	52	0.41	0.40	81	77
KIM	59.4	46.0	89	95	89.2	66.3	1.44	0.00	67	62	0.44	0.28	79	76
VOJ	28.7	23.0	95	100	86.3	109.3	8.19	1.50	66	48	0.40	0.35	83	75

	Physicians per 1000 Inhabitants		Dwellings with (in %)				Households with (in %)				University Students per 1000 Inhabitants		Social Services Outlays per Inhabitant
			Electricity		Water		TV set		Car
	1952	1988	1971	1988	1971	1988	1961	1981	1961	1981	1947/48	1988/89	1966	1987
JUG	3.9	22.3	88.0	96.3	34.0	71.8	1.3	62.0	1.6	41.4	3.1	14.4	100	100
BIH	3.0	17.6	74.7	94.1	24.1	65.6	0.4	53.3	0.7	32.4	0.4	9.3	68	57
CGO	2.2	18.3	78.7	94.5	31.0	67.3	0.0	47.6	0.9	33.6	0.5	10.5	83	79
HRV	5.1	25.3	91.2	96.1	39.1	74.2	1.5	67.2	1.6	44.5	3.8	14.6	111	129
MAK	2.3	23.1	92.5	96.2	34.2	71.5	0.4	61.1	0.7	39.8	0.9	15.3	75	58
SLO	5.9	25.6	96.7	98.8	69.0	92.9	2.2	74.6	5.2	72.3	3.4	16.0	180	264
SRB	4.5	23.6	89.1	96.9	27.4	68.6	1.5	60.6	1.3	36.9	4.2	16.7	98	83
CES	4.8	27.8	89.6	96.9	29.9	68.1	1.5	59.3	1.4	39.6	6.6	17.1	108	96
KIM	1.2	10.8	74.3	95.4	15.2	44.4	0.0	37.1	0.6	24.4	0.0	19.0	49	29
VOJ	3.8	23.5	92.4	97.3	25.3	79.1	1.8	72.0	1.2	34.5	0.3	13.2	97	95